This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006)

The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78 and 45 rpm gramophone and/or phonograph records, whether singles or extended plays (EPs). The A-side usually featured the recording that the artist or the record producer or the record company intended to receive the initial promotional effort and then receive radio airplay, hopefully, to become a "hit" record. The B-side (or "flip-side") is a secondary recording that has a history of its own: some artists, notably Elvis Presley and The Beatles, released B-sides that were as good as and as strong as the A-side and became hits in their own right. Others took the opposite tack: producer Phil Spector was notorious for recording throwaway songs, often on-the-spot instrumentals, that were so weak that no one would confuse them with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side. Contemporary pop charts such as Billboard's Hot 100 are based on radio play and digital downloads, which do not have “sides” so the terms are becoming antiquated.

History [edit]

The earliest 10-inch, 78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on each side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records and by the late 1910s they had become the norm in both Europe and the United States. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations (by and large) did not play recorded music until the 1950s (when top 40 radio overtook full-service network radio). In this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important; the "side" did not convey anything about the content of the record.

In 1948, Columbia Records introduced the ten- and twelve-inch long-playing (LP) vinyl record for commercial sales, and its rival RCA-Victor responded the next year with the seven-inch 45 rpm vinyl record, which would come to replace the 78 as the home of the single. The term "single" came into popular use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side and which would be a B-side. (All phonograph (gramophone) records have specific identifiers for each side in addition to the catalog number for the record itself; the "A" side would typically be assigned a sequentially lower number.) Under this random system, many artists had so-called "double-sided hits", where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts (in Billboard, Cashbox, or other magazines), or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places.

As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. Very early into the sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the record company wanted radio stations to play, as 45 records (or '45s') dominated the market in terms of cash sales. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the total production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom.^[1] By the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, instrumental versions or simply inferior recordings were placed.

With the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. At first, cassette singles would often have one song on each side of the cassette, matching the arrangement of vinyl records, but eventually, cassette maxi-singles, containing more than two songs, became more popular. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the remaining dominant medium, the compact disc, lacked an equivalent physical distinction. However, the term "B-side" is still used to refer to the "bonus" tracks or "coupling" tracks on a CD single.

With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other physical media have declined, and the term "B-side" is now less commonly used. Songs that were not part of an artist's collection of albums are made available through the same downloadable catalogs as tracks from their albums, and are usually referred to as "unreleased," "bonus" "non-album," "rare," "outtakes" or "exclusive" tracks, the latter in the case of a song being available solely from a certain provider of music.

Significance [edit]

B-side songs may be released on the same record as a single to provide extra "value for money." There are several types of material commonly released in this way, including a different version (e.g., instrumental, a cappella, live, acoustic, remixed version or in another language/text), or, in a concept record, a song that does not fit into the story line.

Additionally, it was common in the 1960s and 1970s for longer songs by soul, funk or R&B acts to be broken into two parts for single release. Examples of this include the Isley Brothers' "Shout" (Parts 1 and 2), and a number of records by James Brown, including "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (Parts 1 & 2) and "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud (Parts 1 & 2). "Part 1" would be the chart hit, while "Part 2" would be a continuation of the same recording. A notable example of a non-R&B hit with two parts was the single release of Don McLean's "American Pie". With the advent of the 12" single in the late 1970s, the Part 1/Part 2 method of recording was largely abandoned.

Since both sides of a single received equal royalties, some composers deliberately arranged for their songs to be used as the B-sides of singles by popular artists. This became known as the "flipside racket."

On a few occasions, the B-side became the more popular song. This was usually because a DJ preferred the B-side to its A-side and played it instead. Examples include "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor (originally the B-side of "Substitute"), "I'll Be Around" by The Spinners (originally the B-side of "How Could I Let You Get Away") and "Maggie May" by Rod Stewart (originally the B-side of "Reason to Believe"). More rarely, both sides of the single would become hits, such as Queen's "We Are the Champions" and "We Will Rock You".

The song "How Soon Is Now?" by The Smiths started out as the extra track on the 12" of "William, It Was Really Nothing" but later gained a separate release as an A-side in its own right, as did Oasis's "Acquiesce," which originally appeared as a B-side to "Some Might Say" in 1995, but gained subsequent release in 2006 as part of an EP to promote their forthcoming compilation album, Stop the Clocks. Feeder in 2001 and 2005 had the B-sides "Just a Day" from "Seven Days in the Sun," and "Shatter" from "Tumble and Fall" released as A-sides after fan petitions and official website and fansite message board hype, and both charted at #12 and #11 in the UK. In 1986, the first single from XTC's record Skylarking, "Grass", was eclipsed in the United States by its B-side, "Dear God" – so much so that the record was almost immediately re-released with one song ("Mermaid Smiled") removed and "Dear God" put in its place, becoming one of the band's better-known "hits."

On some reissued singles the A- and B-sides are by completely different artists, or two songs from different albums that would not normally have been released together. These were sometimes made for the jukebox, as one record with two popular songs on it would make more money, or to promote an artist to the fans of another. For example, in 1981 Kraftwerk released their new single "Computer Love," coupled with the B side "The Model", from their 1978 LP The Man-Machine. With synthpop increasingly dominating the UK charts, the single was re-released with the sides reversed. In early 1982 "The Model" reached number one.

Double A-side [edit]

A "double A-side" is a single, sometimes referred to as a "double-sided hit" single, in which both songs received significant airplay. This practice became commonplace in the late 1950s/early 1960s as artists like Elvis Presley, the Everly Brothers, Fats Domino, Ricky Nelson, Beach Boys, Brenda Lee, Pat Boone, and many others routinely had two-sided smash hits where both sides of the 45 received airplay. The practice was adopted by The Beatles, who consciously intended for many of their singles to be double-sided hits. In the U.S., this began with their very first single, "I Want To Hold Your Hand / I Saw Her Standing There." In 1965 for their single containing "Day Tripper" and "We Can Work It Out," the band deemed both to be single-worthy. The Rolling Stones followed suit in early 1967 with "Let's Spend the Night Together" and "Ruby Tuesday." Some singles have also been designated double A-sides in retrospect, such as "Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog" by Elvis Presley. "Hound Dog" had initially been the B-side upon first release in 1956, but since both sides became chart hits independently of one another, reissues later in the 1960s and beyond listed the single with both songs as a double A-side. Also, for Cliff Richard's 1962 "The Next Time" / "Bachelor Boy", both sides were marketed as songs with chart potential (albeit with "Bachelor Boy" pressed as the B-side).

In the UK, the biggest-selling non-charity single of all time was a double A-side, Wings 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School", which sold over two million copies. It was also the UK Christmas No. 1 that year, one of only two occasions on which a double A-side has topped that chart, the other being Queen's 1991 re-release of "Bohemian Rhapsody" with "These Are the Days of Our Lives".^[2]

Queen released their first double-A single, "Killer Queen" / "Flick of the Wrist", in 1974. "Killer Queen" became a hit, while "Flick of the Wrist" was all but ignored for lack of promotion. Three years later, they released "We Are the Champions" with "We Will Rock You" as a B-side. Both sides of the single received much radio airplay, which made them sometimes referred to as double A-side. In 1978 they released "Fat Bottomed Girls" / "Bicycle Race" as a double A-side; that time both sides of the single become hits.

Occasionally double-A-sided singles are released with each side targeting a different market. During the late 1970s, for example, Dolly Parton released a number of double-A-sided singles, in which one side was released to pop radio, and the other side to country, including "Two Doors Down" / "It's All Wrong, But It's All Right" and "Baby I'm Burning" / "I Really Got the Feeling". In 1978, The Bee Gees also used this method when they released "Too Much Heaven" for the pop market and the flip side, "Rest Your Love on Me", which was aimed toward country stations.

Many artists continue to release double A-side singles outside of the US where it is seen as more popular. Examples of this include Oasis's "Little by Little" / "She Is Love" (2002), Bloc Party's "So Here We Are" / "Positive Tension" (2005) and Gorillaz's "El Mañana" / "Kids with Guns" (2006).

Artists having the most U.S. double-sided singles on which each side charted in the US Hot 100, according to Billboard:^[3]

NOTE: Perry Como (12) and Nat King Cole (19) both had additional double-sided singles on Billboard's pre-1955 charts.^[4]

Artists having the most U.S. double-sided singles on which each side reached the Billboard Top 40, according to Billboard:^[3]

Double B-side [edit]

On vinyl, double A-side singles had one song on either side of the record, while double B-sides contain two songs on the same side (on the B-side; altogether giving 3 songs). When such singles were introduced in the 1970s, the popular term for them was "maxi single", though this term is now used more ambiguously for a variety of formats. These would not quite qualify as EP singles – as that is generally 4 songs on a single. The term is also sometimes used in a derogatory fashion for a release with no A-side at all, suggesting neither side is of high quality.

Examples include "Styrafoam" / "Texas Chainsaw Massacre Boogie" by The Tyla Gang (1976), and "Jack Rabbit" / "Whenever You're Ready (We'll Go Steady Again)" by Elton John (1973).

Paul McCartney's 1980 single "Coming Up" had a studio version of the song on the A-side, while the B-side contained two songs, a live version of "Coming Up" and a studio instrumental called "Lunchbox/Odd Sox."

The singles from U2's album The Joshua Tree were released with two B-side songs each, which were pressed at 33 1/3 RPM. Versions for jukeboxes included only one of those songs, which played at 45.

Humorous implementations [edit]

The concept of the B-side has become so well known that many performers have released parody versions, including:

• The 1988 "Stutter Rap (No Sleep 'Til Bedtime)" by parody band Morris Minor and the Majors featured a B-side titled "Another Boring 'B'-side".
• Parody band Bad News recorded a video B-side to the VHS version of their single "Bohemian Rhapsody" titled "Every Mistake Imaginable" in which the band discusses that they have to record an extra three minutes of footage for the single to be chart eligible.
• Tracey Ullman's hit "They Don't Know" was backed by a song entitled "The B Side" and featured Ullman in a variety of comic monologues, many of which bemoaned the uselessness of B-sides.
• Paul and Linda McCartney's B-side to Linda McCartney's "Seaside Woman" (released under the alias "Suzy and the Red Stripes") was a song called "B-Side to Seaside."
• The single "O.K.?" based on the TV series Rock Follies of '77 contained a song called "B-Side?" which featured Charlotte Cornwell tunelessly singing about the fact that she is not considered good enough to sing an A-Side.
• The B-side of the single "They're Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa!" by Napoleon XIV was called "!aaaH-aH ,yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT" and the singer billed as "NOELOPAN VIX". It was the A-side played in reverse; in fact, most of the label affixed to that B-side was a mirror image of the front label (as opposed to being spelled backwards), including the letters in the "WB" shield logo.
• Blotto's 1981 single "When the Second Feature Starts" features "The B-Side," a song about how bad B-sides are compared to A-sides.
• Love and Rockets' novelty side project The Bubblemen released only one single in 1988, "The Bubblemen Are Coming" coupled with "The B-Side," which is a field recording of bees.
• The Wall of Voodoo 1982 12" EP Two Songs by Wall of Voodoo has the 10-minute joke track "There's Nothing On This Side" on the B-side.
• Metric released in 2008 single "Help, I'm Alive" with a B-side "Help, I'm a B-Side."
• Three Dog Night's 1972 single "Shambala" featured "Our 'B' Side," about the group wishing it could be trusted to write their own songs for single release. It is most notable as the only TDN single written and produced by the whole group, and features family members on background vocals.
• Dickie Goodman's 1974 release "Energy Crisis '74" featured "The Mistake" as the B-side. "The Mistake" is simply a false start of the A-side, with Goodman saying, "Hello, we're...", followed by two minutes of silence.
• The Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song "You Got It" was backed by "Busy Little B Side," also found on the Warner Bros. 2-LP sampler, Troublemakers.
• The B-side of B.A. Robertson's 1979 single "Goosebumps" is entitled "The B-Side" and contains lyrics from the song's point of view. The lyrics describe the song as being "the back of a hit" and "real popular after the war" which can be said to relate to the domaninance of the 45 RPM single after this time and the change of significance of the A-side and the B-side after this time. This track also opens side two of Robertson's album Initial Success.
• One of the B-sides from Lenny Kravitz`s Single "Heaven Help" is called "B Side Blues" and implements the sheer boredom of him being obviously under a lot of pressure from his record company to write more successful material. For example, the lyrics state "...They say I got to write some new songs..." and "...I was born, long ago. That sells right..." citing his very own hit "Are you gonna go my way".
• Kaiser Chiefs released a 7" single for You Can Have It All which featured a blank b-side. Parodying their hit record I Predict A Riot, the label on this blank side suggested it contained the track I Predict Some Quiet.
• Less Than Jake Released a compilation album called B is for B-sides.
• A compilation of B-sides and unreleased tracks by Ocean Colour Scene has the name B-sides, Seasides and Freerides

Additionally, Shonen Knife released an album called The Birds & the B-Sides in 1996. Later, Relient K released The Bird and the Bee Sides in 2008. Neither are related to one another, but both albums' names are a play on an idiom, "the birds and the bees," and the term B-Side. In fact, both recordings also include many B-sides, as their respective name would suggest.

B/W [edit]

The term "b/w", an abbreviation of "backed with" or occasionally "bundled with", is often used to refer to the B-side of a record. The term "c/w," for "combined with," "comes with," or "coupled with," is used similarly.^[5]

B-side compilations [edit]

References [edit]

General

Specific