• Albania has an embassy in Madrid.
• Spain has an embassy in Tirana.

• Belarus is represented in Spain through it embassy in Paris (France).
• Spain is represented in Belarus through it embassy in Moscow (Russia).
• Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Belarus (in Spanish only)
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation: Spanish representations in Belarus

• Relations were severed in 1946 and were restored in 1970 at the level of Consular Office and Trade Mission.
• Since January 27, 1970, the diplomatic relations were elevated to embassy level.
• Bulgaria has an embassy in Madrid and an honorary consulate in Barcelona.^[2]
• Spain has an embassy in Sofia.^[3]
• Both countries are full members of the NATO and of the European Union.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Spanish only)

• Croatia has an embassy in Madrid and 4 honorary consulates (in Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Pamplona and Seville).^[4]
• Spain has an embassy in Zagreb and 2 honorary consulates (in Dubrovnik and Split).^[5]
• Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Spain
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia (in Spanish only)

Spain has very good relations with France, especially since May 16, 2007, when Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of France. The police of Spain and France are now cooperating to suppress the terrorist group ETA.

Spain had very good relations with Germany, until March 14, 2004 when Zapatero was elected Spanish Prime Minister. The Prime Minister's relationship with the present Chancellor, Angela Merkel, is less close but remains civil.

• The Holy See has a nunciature in Madrid.
• Spain has an embassy in Rome.

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy and Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations. In the Early modern period, southern and insular Italy came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the Crown of Aragon. This extended period of foreign domination left marked influences in the modern southern Italian dialects. During the Spanish civil war, the Corps of Volunteer Troops, a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, supported the Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco. It's estimated that around 75,000 Italians fought in the war.

• Malta has an embassy in Madrid and 5 honorary consulates (in Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, Seville and Valencia).^[6]
• Spain has an embassy in Valletta.^[7]
• Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Union for the Mediterranean.

As of 2009 Spain does not have an Embassy in Chişinău. Spain is represented in Moldova through Ambassador D. Juan Pablo García-Berdoy Cerezo in Bucharest in Romania.

In 2008, the Spanish government indicated that 12,582 Moldovan citizens were legally working there.^[8] Spain is a significant investor in Moldova through Unión Fenosa which owns three of Moldova's five energy distribution companies.^[9]

Relations between Portugal and Spain are also good. They cooperate in the fight against drug trafficking and tackling forest fires (common in the Iberian Peninsula in summers), for example. These close relations are facilitated by similar governments: the government of conservative Spanish PM José María Aznar coincided with the government of also conservative José Manuel Durão Barroso in Portugal; today, both José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of Spain and José Sócrates of Portugal are socialists.

Portugal also holds claim to the disputed territory of Olivença in the Portuguese-Spanish border.

• Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on January 5, 1967, 21 years after they were broken.
• Romania has an embassy in Madrid, 3 general consulates (in Barcelona, Castellon de la Plana and Sevilla) and 2 honorary consulates (in Murcia and Valencia).^[10][11][12]
• Spain has an embassy in Bucharest.^[13]
• Both countries are full members of the Latin Union, of NATO and of the European Union.
• There are around 730,000 people of Romanian descent living in Spain.

See Russia–Spain relations

• Russia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
• Spain has an embassy in Moscow.

Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow first exchanged envoys in 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. Soviet-Spanish relations, once terminated after the Spanish Civil War, were gradually reestablished since 1963 and fully established in 1977. Trade between two countries amounts to two billion Euros (2008); in March 2009 two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets.

• Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.^[14]
• Spain has an embassy in Belgrade.^[15]
• In light of the February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence by the Kosovo authorities, Spain has become a staunch supporter of Serbia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and relations have thrived in recent years as a result.
• Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)

• Spain has an embassy in Ankara.
• Turkey has an embassy in Madrid.^[16]
• Both countries are full members of NATO and the Union for the Mediterranean. Also, Spain is an EU member and Turkey is a candidate.
• Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain

• Spain recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1991.
• Spain has an embassy in Kiev.^[17]
• Ukraine has an embassy in Madrid, a general consulate in Barcelona and a consulate in Málaga.^[18]
• Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Since 1991, many Ukrainians have emigrated to Spain to work.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Spanish only)

The 2001 UK Census recorded 54,482 Spanish-born people living in the UK.^[19] In comparison, it is estimated that 100,000 British-born people live in Spain.^{[citation needed]}

• Argentina currently has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Vigo and consulates in Cadiz, Palma and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[20]
• Spain has an embassy in Buenos Aires and consulates-general in Bahía Blanca, Córdoba, Mendoza and in Rosario.^[21]
• See also: Spanish Argentine

A diplomatic crisis with Bolivia in 2005 due to a misunderstanding was quickly resolved by Zapatero and Spain became the first European country visited by Evo Morales on January 4, 2006. However, there remain problems surrounding the exploitation of oil and gas fields in the country by Spanish corporations like Repsol.

Bolivian President Evo Morales met King Juan Carlos and held talks with Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero during a visit to Spain in September 2009 with the intention of resolving issues concerning the nationalisation of the Bolivian energy sector. The move has the potential to hurt some Spanish companies however relations were said to be "positive" between the Bolivian state and Spanish private sector energy companies. Evo Morales said that Bolivia is ready to accept outside investment in its energy and natural resource industries as long as foreign firms do not act as owners and that Bolivia is "looking for investment, be it from private or state sector. We want partners, not owners of our natural resources."

It was suggested that Bolivia would also negotiate with Spanish companies to produce car parts and lithium batteries in the future.^[22]

• Colombia has an embassy in Madrid; consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville and consulates in Bilbao, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.^[23]
• S pain has an embassy in Bogota and a consulate-general in Cartagena.^[24]

• Cuba has an embassy in Madrid with consulates-general in Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Compostela and Seville.^[25]
• Spain has an embassy in Havana.^[26]

• El Salvador has an embassy in Madrid.^[27]
• Spain has an embassy in San Salvador.^[28]
• Both countries are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States.

• Mexico currently has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.^[29]
• Spain has an embassy in Mexico City and two consulates-general in the country; in Guadalajara and in Monterrey.^[30]
• Both countries are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States and the OECD.
• During the Spanish Civil War, Mexican volunteers joined the Republican side to fight Francisco Franco. Though the Republicans had lost the war, this helped improve the relationship between the two countries. Also, many Spanish immigrants immigrated to Mexico to escape the Spanish Civil War.
• History on foreign relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish only)
• See also: Spanish immigration to Mexico

• Paraguay has an embassy in Madrid, a general consulate in Barcelona and a consulate in Málaga.^[31][32][33]
• Spain has an embassy in Asuncion.^[34]
• Both countries are full members of the Latin Union, of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, and of the Organization of Ibero-American States.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign about the relation with Paraguay (in Spanish only)

• Spain has an embassy in Montevideo.^[35]
• Uruguay has an embassy in Madrid and 4 consulates general (in Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Compostela and Valencia) and 7 honorary consulates (in Bilbao, Palma de Majorca, Pamplona, Salamanca, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Seville and Vigo).^[36]
• Both countries are full members of the Latin Union, of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, and of the Organization of Ibero-American States.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign about relations with Uruguay (in Spanish only)

• Armenia is represented in Spain through its embassy in Rome and there is an honorary consulate in Valencia.
• Spain is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
• There are around 42,000 people of Armenian descent living in Spain, especially in Valencia and Barcelona (See also Armenians in Spain)
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperations about the relation with Armenia (in Spanish only)

• Israel has an embassy in Madrid.^[37]
• Spain has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa.^[38]
• Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
• Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel (in Spanish only)

Spain continues to focus attention Morocco. This concern is dictated by geographic proximity and long historical contacts, as well as by the two Spanish exclave cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the northern coast of Africa. While Spain's departure from its former colony of Western Sahara ended direct Spanish participation in Morocco, it maintains an interest in the peaceful resolution of the conflict brought about there by decolonization. These issues were highlighted by a crisis in 2002, when Spanish forces evicted a small contingent of Moroccans from a tiny islet off Morocco's coast following that nation's attempt to assert sovereignty over the Spanish island.

Pakistan and Spain enjoy extremely cordial and friendly ties.^[39] Relations were established in late 1950s. Pakistanis form the largest Asian immigrant community in Spain. Pakistan has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona and Spain has an embassy in Islamabad and honorary consulates in Karachi and Lahore.

Philippine former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo concluded her second state visit in Spain in July 2006, bringing back millions of dollars of Spanish investments, particularly in Tourism and Information Technology. The Spanish king, Juan Carlos I, also reiterated in Mrs. Arroyo's visit, his support for her project in the Philippines to re-establish Spanish as an official language in the country. He and his wife, Queen Sofia attended the 1998 centennial celebrations in Manila, commemorating 100 years of independence from Spain. The mediation of King Juan Carlos I is said to have produced the pardon and liberation of 2 Filipina domestic workers sentenced to death in Kuwait and the UAE. The Philippines has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Manila.

Under the government of José María Aznar, Spain developed exceptionally good relations with the USA, in great part due to the personal empathy between Aznar and George W. Bush. Following Zapatero's decision to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq immediately after the 2004 general elections, relations predictably soured, although important commercial links remained intact. When elected, President Barack Obama expressed his wish to enhance cooperation between both countries, especially in policies like the Green Energy plan from Zapatero,^[40] introducing the AVE (the Spanish High Speed Train) in United States ^[41] and aiding US by receiving in Spanish prisons Guantanamo Prison detainees ^[42]