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The Mainz Psalter was the second major work printed with movable type in the West;[1] the first was the Gutenberg Bible. It is a psalter commissioned by the Mainz archbishop in 1457. The Psalter introduced several innovations: it was the first book to feature a printed date of publication, a printed colophon, two sizes of type, printed decorative initials, and the first to be printed in three colours.[1] It was the first important publication issued by Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer following their split from Johannes Gutenberg.
Contents |
Description [edit]
The Psalter combines printed text with two-colour woodcuts: since both woodcuts and movable print are relief processes, they could be printed together on the same press. The Psalter is printed using black and red inks, with two-colour initials, and large coloured capitals printed in blue and red inks.[2] These capitals were partly the work of the artisan known as the Fust master, who later also worked for Fust and Schöffer on the 1462 Bible.[1] The musical score accompanying the psalms was provided in manuscript, and may have been the model for the type style.[2] Printing in two colors, although feasible on the moveable press of Gutenberg's time (as illustrated by the Mainz Psalter), was apparently abandoned soon afterward as being too time-consuming, as few other examples of such a process are extant.[3]
Two versions were printed, the short issue and long issue. The short has 143 leaves, and the long has 175 and was intended for use in the diocese of Mainz. All surviving copies and fragments are on vellum, and it is not known if any paper copies were printed.[4] At least one copy was still being used in services in a monastery in the mid-eighteenth century.[5]
Date [edit]
The Psalter is the earliest European book with a printed date of publication, though not the first printed book to feature a date associated with its production: in August 1456 the binder and rubricator of a copy of the Gutenberg Bible had added handwritten dates to show when he had completed his work.[6] The colophon also contains the first example of a printer's mark[7]
The colophon can be translated as follows:
- This volume of the Psalms, adorned with a magnificence of capital letters and clearly divided by rubrics, has been fashioned by a mechanical process of printing and producing characters, without use of a pen, and it was laboriously completed, for God's Holiness, by Joachim Fust, citizen of Mainz, and Peter Schoeffer of Gernsheim, on Assumption Eve in the year of Our Lord, 1457.[8]
New editions, using the same type, were printed in 1459 (dated August 29), 1490, 1502 (Schöffer's last publication) and 1516.
Surviving copies [edit]
Ten copies of the 1457 edition are known, as listed below. Many fragments also survive.[4]
At least one copy was still being used in services in a monastery in the mid-eighteenth century.[5]
- Berlin State Library. Long issue
- Saxon State Library, Dresden. Long issue. Looted during World War II and taken to the USA, until returned in 1950.[9]
- Darmstadt University and Public Library. Short issue
- Austrian National Library. Long issue.
- French National Library, Paris. Long issue
- Municipal Library, Angers. Short issue
- British Library, London. Short issue. Bequeathed by Thomas Grenville. On display in the Sir John Ritblat Gallery
- Royal Library, Windsor. Short issue. Acquired by George III from the University of Göttingen.[5]
- John Rylands Library, Manchester. Short issue. Bought from 5th Earl Spencer in 1892. Earlier bought by 2nd Earl Spencer from the monastery of Rot and der Rot in 1798.[5]
- Scheide Library, Princeton University, New Jersey. Short issue
See also [edit]
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b c Ikeda, Mayumi (2010). "The first experiments in printing at the Fust-Schöffer press". In Wagner, Bettina and Reed,Marcia. Early Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Ifla Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19–21 August 2009. De Gruyter Sur. pp. 39–49. ISBN 978-3-11-025324-5.
- ^ a b http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?object=1071478&row=0&detail=about
- ^ http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=74&language=e
- ^ a b [1] Incunabula Short Title Catalogue accessed 3 February 2012
- ^ a b c d Jensen, Kristian (2011). Revolution and the Antiquarian Book : Reshaping the Past, 1780-1815. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107000513.
- ^ Clausen Books, Gutenberg Bible Census accessed 3 February 2012
- ^ Roberts, William (1893). Printers' Marks, by. London: George Bell & Sons, York Street, Covent Garden, & New York.
- ^ Connections (TV series), "Connections" by James Burke, p. 100
- ^ http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=div&did=HISTORY.OMG1950JUNE.I0005&isize=text
Further reading [edit]
- McMurtrie, Douglas C. The Mainz Psalter of 1457. Chicago: privately printed, 1931.
- Masson, Irvine. The Mainz Psalters and Canon Missae, 1457-1459. London: Bibliographical Society, 1954.
External links [edit]
