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| Total population |
|---|
| 109,883 (2010 census) 75,000 Meskhetian Turks[1] plus 130,437 Turkish nationals[2] Total at least 120,000-150,000 (academic estimates)[3] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Krasnodar Krai · Rostov Oblast · Stavropol Krai |
| Languages |
| Religion |
Turks in Russia (Turkish: Rusya Türkleri) are Turkish people who live in Russia. The community is largely made of Meskhetian Turks and expatriates from Turkey.[4]
Contents |
History [edit]
Ottoman migration [edit]
The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, it is presumed that those who were living in Russia have either been assimilated into Russian society or have left the country.[5]
Meskhetian Turks migration [edit]
| Turks in Russia according to the Russian census | |||||||
| Russian census | Turks | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939[6] | 2,936 | ||||||
| 1959[7] | 1,377 | ||||||
| 1970[8] | 1,568 | ||||||
| 1979[9] | 3,561 | ||||||
| 1989[10] | 9,890 | ||||||
| 2002[11] | 95,672a[›] | ||||||
| 2010[12] | 109,883b[›] | ||||||
During World War II, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. Vyacheslav Molotov, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, formally presented a demand to the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow for the surrender of three Anatolian provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin); thus, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population (especially those situated in Meskheti) located near the Turkish-Georgian border which were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.[13] In 1944, Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from Meskheti in Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border.[14] Nationalistic policies at the time encouraged the slogan: "Georgia for Georgians" and that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey "where they belong".[15][16] Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turks to Central Asia (especially to Uzbekistan), thousands dying en route in cattle-trucks,[17] and were not permitted by the Georgian government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia to return to their homeland.[15]
In the late 1970s, the Stavropol and Krasnodar authorities visited various regions of Uzbekistan to invite and recruit Meskhetian Turks to work in agriculture enterprises in southern Russia.[18] In 1985, Moscow issued a proposal inviting more Meskhetian Turks to move to villages in southern Russia that had been abandoned by ethnic Russians who were moving to the cities. However, the Meskhetian Turks response was that they would only leave Uzbekistan if the move were to be to their homeland.[19] Then, in 1989, ethnic Uzbeks began a series of actions against the Turks; they became the victims of riots in the Ferghana valley which led to over a hundred deaths. Within days, Decision 503 was announced "inviting" the Turks to occupy the empty farms in southern Russia that they had resisted moving to for years and around 17,000 Meskhetian Turks were evacuated to Russia.[1][20] Meskhetian Turks maintain that Moscow had planned the Uzbek riots.[20] By the early 1990s, the 70,000 Meskhetian Turks who were still resident in Uzbekistan left for Azerbaijan, Russia and Ukraine due to fears of continued violence.[1]
Mainland Turkish migration [edit]
During the 2000s, Russia witnessed increasing numbers of immigrants from Turkey; Turkish labour migrants grew, on average, by 30–50% per annum.[21] By 2008, over 130,000 Turkish citizens were working in Russia.[21]
Demographics [edit]
According to the 2010 Russian Census, 105,058 people declared themselves as "Turks" and 4,825 stated that they were "Meskhetian Turks"; hence, the census showed that there was a total of 109,883 Turks living in the country.[12]
Discrimination [edit]
Meskhetian Turks in Russia, especially those in Krasnodar, have faced hostility from the local population. The Krasnodar Meskhetian Turks have suffered significant human rights violations, including the deprivation of their citizenship. They have been deprived of civil, political and social rights and are prohibited from owning property and employment.[22] Since 2004, many are now leaving the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees.[23]
Notable people [edit]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c Ryazantsev 2009, 167.
- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 160.
- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 172.
- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 155.
- ^ Akiner 1983, 381.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года.". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ a b Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации". Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Bennigsen & Broxup 1983, 30.
- ^ Tomlinson 2005, 107.
- ^ a b Kurbanov & Kurbanov 1995, 237.
- ^ Cornell 2001, 183.
- ^ Minority Rights Group International. "Meskhetian Turks". Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 168.
- ^ Goltz 2009, 124.
- ^ a b Goltz 2009, 125.
- ^ a b Ryazantsev 2009, 159.
- ^ Barton, Heffernan & Armstrong 2002, 9.
- ^ Coşkun 2009, 5.
Notes [edit]
^ a: The 2002 census recorded 92,415 Turks and 3,257 Meskhetian Turks.
^ b: The 2010 census recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks.
Bibliography [edit]
- Akiner, Shirin (1983), Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7103-0025-5.
- Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences, Center for Applied Linguistics
- Barton, Frederick D.; Heffernan, John; Armstrong, Andrea (2002), Being Recognised as Citizens, Commission on Human Security
- Bennigsen, Alexandre; Broxup, Marie (1983), The Islamic threat to the Soviet state, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7099-0619-6.
- Blacklock, Denika (2005), Finding Durable Solutions for the Meskhetians, European Centre for Minority Issues
- Cornell, Svante E. (2001), Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus, Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1162-7.
- Coşkun, Ufuk (2009), Ahiska/Meskhetian Turks in Tucson: An Examination of Ethnic Identity, http://www.u.arizona.edu/: University of Arizona
- Goltz, Thomas (2009), Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0-7656-1711-0.
- Kurbanov, Rafik Osman-Ogly; Kurbanov, Erjan Rafik-Ogly (1995), "Religion and Politics in the Caucasus", in Bourdeaux, Michael (ed), The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-357-1.
- Ryazantsev, Sergey V. (2009), "Turkish Communities in the Russian Federation", International Journal on Multicultural Societies 11 (2): 155–173
- Tomlinson, Kathryn (2005), "Living Yesterday in Today and Tomorrow: Meskhetian Turks in Southern Russia", in Crossley, James G.; Karner, Christian (eds.), Writing History, Constructing Religion, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 0-7546-5183-5.
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