The MH Message Handling System is a free, open source e-mail client. It is different from almost all other mail reading systems in that, instead of a single program, it is made from several different programs which are designed to work from the command line provided by the shell on Unix-like operating systems. Another difference is that rather than storing multiple messages in a single file, messages each have their own separate file in a special directory. Taken together, these design choices mean that it is very easy and natural to script actions on mail messages using the normal shell scripting tools. A descendant of MH continues to be developed under the name of nmh.

Design [edit]

MH is made up of separate programs such as show, to view a message, scan, to see message titles and rmm to remove messages. By using the pick program, it is possible to select messages, based on sender for example, which the other programs act on.

Because the different programs are run separately and at different times, communication between them has to be arranged specially. Information such as the mail which is currently selected is stored in files (in this case by an .mh_sequences file in the user's MH directory tree).

MH follows the Unix philosophy of write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface (Doug McIlroy).

History [edit]

MH was proposed by R Stockton Gaines and Norman Shapiro and developed by Bruce S. Borden and others at RAND Corporation. The initial version of MH had been created by 1979. Subsequently development was taken over by Marshall T. Rose and John L. Romine working at University of California, Irvine. The last release of MH was 6.8.4 which was a maintenance patch for the 6.8.3 release.

nmh is the current active version of MH. It was forked from version MH 6.8.3 by Richard Coleman while working at the Georgia Institute of Technology. It actually removed some features such as the POP daemon but also improved others such as portability and MIME support. Earlier versions of nmh known as "LBL" changes were made in the late 80s by Van Jacobson, Mike Karels and Craig Leres.^[1] The most recent release of nmh is version 1.5.^[2]

MH is in the public domain. nmh is released under the BSD Licence.

Performance [edit]

The performance of MH is very much dependent on the file system and other features of the operating system that it runs on. Every read of a message will require starting a separate program, a directory scan in a large directory and a file open before the data can even be accessed. On the other hand, mailbox formats such as mbox which use a single file often require insertion or removal of data in the middle of the file when messages are read or altered and this can be a very slow procedure. In these cases MH will be much faster.

With a modern file system designed for large directories and small files such as ReiserFS the performance of MH can be comparable to that of a database based mail storage system.^{[citation needed]}

The maildir storage format made popular by qmail and the Courier Mail Server improves upon several features first shown in MH: a separate file per message, a separate directory per mail "folder," and exploitation of hardlinks and other advanced filesystem features for improved performance in space and time.

Graphical interfaces [edit]

MH is inherently a command line based system, which limits its marketability to some extent, but also may not always be ideal for viewing emails with graphical content. For these reasons, among others, many users want to have a graphical interface which can also read their MH mailbox. The original program for this purpose was xmh, an X Window System application. After development of xmh ceased, a similar tool called exmh was developed in Tcl/Tk. Exmh is considered feature-complete and since 2004^[update] there has been little development beyond bug fixes. An open source Emacs interface to MH is provided by the MH-E project. In addition to these dedicated MH clients, support for MH mailboxes is included in several other clients such as Claws Mail, Novell Evolution, Mutt and Sylpheed.

The Gnus nnml format is an extension of the MH mailbox format.

See also [edit]

• mbox
• maildir

External links [edit]

• the (old) MH homepage ( Broken URL link )
• the current MH homepage
• the current nmh homepage
• exmh an MH front end in Tcl/Tk
• MH-E an Emacs front end to MH
• [1] early historym from MH & xmh: Email for Users & Programmers, by Jerry Peek

References [edit]

v t e Email clients Open source Alpine Arachne Balsa BlitzMail Citadel/UX Classilla Claws Mail Columba Cone Cronos II Elm Evolution fetchmail getmail GNUMail Gnus Gnuzilla IMP KMail Mahogany Mailody Mailx Mailx (Heirloom Project) Modest Mozilla Thunderbird Mulberry Mutt nmh / MH OfflineIMAP Roundcube SeaMonkey sendEmail SquirrelMail Sylpheed Trojitá Wanderlust YAM Zimbra Freeware Denshin 8 go eM Client EmailTray Eudora Foxmail i.Scribe Opera Mail Windows Live Mail Retail Apple Mail IBM Lotus Notes InScribe Microsoft Outlook Novell GroupWise Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail Shareware Becky! Eureka Email Forté Agent Gemini (mail/news) GyazMail Pocomail The Bat! Donationware Forté Agent Pegasus Mail Discontinued Beonex Communicator cc:Mail Claris Emailer Columbia MM Courier Cyberdog Cyberjack Hula Microsoft Entourage Microsoft Internet Mail and News MINUET Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups NeXTMail Netscape Mail Netscape Messenger 9 Omni Mobile Outlook Express Pine POPmail Sparrow Spicebird Turnpike Windows Mail Windows Messaging Related technologies Extended SMTP IMAP POP Push-IMAP SMAP SMTP UUCP Related articles Email Unicode and email Category · Comparison · List