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Norfolk Southern Railway
System map (trackage rights in purple) Norfolk Southern Headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia.
Reporting mark	NS
Locale	Eastern United States and Ontario
Dates of operation	1990–present
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge)
Headquarters	Norfolk, Virginia

Norfolk Southern Building in Atlanta, Georgia.

The Norfolk Southern Railway (reporting mark NS) is a Class I railroad in the United States, owned by the Norfolk Southern Corporation. With headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, the company operates over 20,000 route miles in 22 eastern states, the District of Columbia and the province of Ontario, Canada. The most common commodity hauled on the railroad is coal from mines in Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. The railroad also offers the most extensive intermodal network in eastern North America.

The current system was formed in 1982 with the creation of the Norfolk Southern Corporation, a holding company, and on December 31, 1990, the Southern Railway was renamed the Norfolk Southern Railway, and control of the Norfolk and Western Railway was transferred from the holding company to the Norfolk Southern Railway. In 1999, the system grew substantially with the acquisition of over half of Conrail.

History [edit]

Norfolk Southern was created from predecessor railroads which date back to the early portion of the 19th century. Prior to modern times, the three main branches of the current corporate family tree were for many years themselves systems: Norfolk and Western, formed in 1881, Southern Railway System in 1894, and Conrail, formed much later, in 1976.^[1] Each of these grew from many smaller local and regional lines as the railroad industry grew.

Southern Railway [edit]

The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road, the earliest predecessor line, was chartered in December 1827 and ran the nation's first regularly scheduled passenger train on December 25, 1830. The Richmond and Danville Railroad (R&D), was formed in 1847, and expanded into a large system after the American Civil War under the leadership of Algernon S. Buford.

When the R&D fell on hard times financially in the early 1890s, it became a major portion of the newly created Southern Railway in 1894. Financier J.P. Morgan selected veteran railroader Samuel Spencer as President to head the firm, which became well known as both profitable and innovative. Southern Railway was the first major U.S. railroad to completely switch to diesel-electric locomotives from steam in 1953.

Norfolk and Western [edit]

The City Point Railroad (established in 1838) was a nine-mile railroad which started just south of Richmond, Virginia, from City Point (now part of the independent City of Hopewell) on the navigable portion of the James River to Petersburg, Virginia. It was acquired by the South Side Railroad in 1854.

After the Civil War, it became part of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (A,M&O), a trunk line across Virginia's southern tier formed by mergers in 1870 by William Mahone, who had been builder of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad in the 1850s. The A,M&O was the oldest portion of the Norfolk and Western (N&W) when it was formed in 1881, under new owners with a keen interest and financial investments in the coal fields of Western Virginia and West Virginia, a product which came to define and enrich the railroad.

In the second half of the 20th century, the profitable N&W had already acquired the Virginian Railway (1959,) the Wabash Railway, and the Nickel Plate Road, among others, before it combined with the also profitable Southern Railway to form the new Norfolk Southern.^[1]

1982 merger [edit]

NS was created in 1982 from the merger of the Norfolk and Western Railway and the Southern Railway Company, both profitable companies. An earlier company, also named the Norfolk Southern Railway, serving primarily North Carolina and the southeastern tip of Virginia, had been acquired by the Southern Railway in 1974. The older company was the namesake for the 1982 combination. Headquarters for the newly established NS were established in Norfolk, Virginia.

The 1982 combination of the profitable Norfolk and Western Railway and Southern Railway was done to compete in the eastern United States with the Chessie System-Seaboard System merger which had been approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1980, resulting in formation of CSX Transportation.

Conrail [edit]

Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) was an 11,000-mile (18000 km) system which had been created in 1976 by bringing together several ailing northeastern railway systems into a government-owned corporation. Conrail had become profitable after the Staggers Act in 1980 largely deregulated the U.S. railroad industry.

In 1996, CSX Transportation made the first move to buy out Conrail. Norfolk Southern had to respond or otherwise CSX would dominate the rail traffic in eastern half of the country and Norfolk Southern would not be able to compete. Norfolk Southern responded with a bid of its own and a bidding war over who would acquire Conrail ensued.

On June 23, 1997, NS and CSX Transportation filed a joint application with the Surface Transportation Board (STB) for authority to purchase, divide and operate the assets of Conrail. On June 6, 1998, the STB approved the NS-CSX application and set August 22, 1998, as the effective date of its decision.

NS acquired 58% of CR’s assets (CSX got the remaining 42%). As a result of the transaction, NS's rail operations grew to include some 7,200 miles (11500 km) of the CR system (predominantly the former Pennsylvania Railroad). NS began operating its trains on its portion of the CR network on June 1, 1999, concluding the high profiled mergers of the 1990s.

Company executives [edit]

Presidents of Norfolk Southern have included:

• Robert B. Claytor CEO 1982-1987
• Arnold B. McKinnon CEO & President 1987-1992
• David R. Goode CEO 1992-2005; President 1991-2004
• Charles "Wick" Moorman CEO 2005-present; President 2004-present

Operations [edit]

Norfolk Southern is a major transporter of domestic and export coal in the eastern half of the country. The railroad's major sources of the mineral are located in: Pennsylvania's Cambria County, Indiana County, and the Monongahela Valley; West Virginia; and the Appalachia regions of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In Pennsylvania, NS also receives coal through interchange with R.J. Corman Railroad/Pennsylvania Lines at Cresson, Pennsylvania, originating in the so-called "Clearfield Cluster".

Norfolk Southern's export of West Virginia bituminous coal, begins transport on portions of the well-engineered former Virginian Railway and the famous former Norfolk and Western's double-tracked line in Eastern Virginia to its Lambert's Point coal pier on Hampton Roads at Norfolk, Virginia. Coal transported by NS is thus exported to steel mills and power plants around the world. The company is also a major transporter of auto parts and completed vehicles. It operates intermodal container and TOFC (trailer on flat car) trains, some in conjunction with other railroads. NS was the first railway to employ roadrailers, which are highway truck trailers with interchangeable wheel sets.

According to NS’s 2012 Annual Report to Investors, at the end of 2012, NS had more than 30,943 employees, 3,468 locomotives, and 79,082 freight cars.

At the end of 2012, the transport of coal, coke and iron ore made up 26% of the total operating revenue of NS, general merchandise (automotive, chemicals, metals, construction materials, agriculture commodities, consumer products, paper, clay, and forest products) made up 54%, and intermodal made up 20% of the total.

Infrastructure [edit]

Norfolk Southern yard in Croxton, New Jersey near Jersey City, New Jersey

Largely an eastern United States railway, NS directly owns and operates 21,300 miles of track in 22 states: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. In addition, Norfolk Southern owns track in Washington D.C. and the Canadian province of Ontario. It operates three primary hubs in its system, in Harrisburg, Chicago and Atlanta.

Furthermore, NS has rights to operate its trains with its own crews on competing railroads' tracks. These trackage rights permit NS to operate as far west as Dallas, Texas, as far north as Waterville, Maine, and as far south as Miami, Florida. NS locomotives also occasionally operate on competitors' tracks throughout the United States and Canada due to the practice of locomotive leasing and sharing undertaken by the Class I railroads.

Not including second, third and fourth main line trackage, yard trackage, and siding trackage, NS directly operates some 21,500 miles (34,601 kilometers) of track. When the additional tracks are counted, however, the amount of track NS has direct control over rises to over 38,000 miles (61,155 kilometers).

Enola Yard, Pennsylvania

The company has several major rail classification yards, located in:

Norfolk Southern has many intermodal classification yards. They are:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

^[2]

Juniata Shops at Altoona Works

Eight major locomotive shops are located in:

NS also shares interest with CSX in the Oak Island Yard, managed by Conrail Shared Assets Operations in Newark, New Jersey.

Within Ontario NS uses the rail network owned by Canadian National Railway. It operates trains to the Ford Motor Company's St. Thomas Assembly plant in St. Thomas, Ontario.

Regional Divisions [edit]

Pittsburgh Line [edit]

The Pittsburgh Line is NS's principal east–west line from the Northeast to the Midwest. Running from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Conway, Pennsylvania, it once was the core of the Pennsylvania Railroad's main line. On average, on any given part of the line, anywhere from 60-80 trains, of all types, ply the line in a 24 hour period. The line is also home to the world famous Horseshoe Curve.

Beginning at CP-Altoona in Altoona, Pennsylvania and ending at Conpit Junction (CP-Conpit) in West Wheatfield Township, Pennsylvania, trains are challenged to ascend and control speed down the faces of the Allegheny Ridge, which are some of the steepest slopes in the Allegheny Range. It is a helper locomotive district. Most common on helper assignments are pairs of new SD40Es (former EMD SD50 units rebuilt at Norfolk Southern's Juniata Shops in Altoona). On heavier unit coal trains, it is not uncommon to see two helper sets put together to create what local railfans call by the slang term four-bangers. It is not uncommon for some trains to exceed 18,000 tons in weight. For eastbound traffic, the usual cause for a "helper-ahead" of the road power is due to the road crew running short on time.

Some lesser, though still significant, hills also exist west of Altoona, sometimes warranting westbound helpers to continue all the way to Pittsburgh. For this purpose, a partial bypass of the Pittsburgh Line exists between Johnstown and Pittsburgh known as the Conemaugh Line, running from Conpit Junction to Federal Street on the North Side of Pittsburgh via a flat, though longer, route along the Conemaugh and Allegheny Rivers, bypassing several steep grades west of the Alleghenies as well as the Pittsburgh passenger station.

Chicago To Fort Wayne [edit]

This is most direct route for NS trains to take from Chicago, Illinois to Fort Wayne, Indiana or vice versa. This route has 16 passing sidings which allow trains coming from one direction to stop while another train passes. In addition to these sidings there are several sections of double track on either end of the line. The longest passing siding on this section of the railroad is located in Sidney, Indiana, where the longest trains pass beside other trains. Nine other rail lines cross over this line segment.

Chicago Bypass [edit]

See Kankakee Belt Route

Merdian Speedway [edit]

See Meridian Speedway

Pan Am Southern / Patriot Corridor [edit]

On May 15, 2008, NS announced that it had come to an agreement with Pan Am Railways to "create an improved rail route between Albany, N.Y., and the greater Boston, Mass., area called the 'Patriot Corridor'."^[3][4][5]

On March 12, 2009, the Surface Transportation Board approved the deal.^[6] Each of the two companies now owns 50% of a new company known as Pan Am Southern (PAS). PAR's trackage between Ayer, Massachusetts and Mechanicville, New York was transferred to PAS, and continues to be operated and maintained by PAR's Springfield Terminal Railway Company subsidiary. NS transferred to PAS cash and property valued at $140 million.

Planned improvements to the route include track and signal upgrades, and expansion of terminals, including construction of new automotive and intermodal terminals.

Environmental record [edit]

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can. (May 2008)

Air quality and fuel efficiency [edit]

In early spring of 2008, the state program manager for air quality planning in Georgia, Jimmy Johnston, had been talking to NS about voluntary upgrades to reduce the company's environmental impact. NS is upgrading 3,800 of its locomotives with new technology that is 73 percent more efficient than previous models. The new technology being put into the locomotives is making the ride more fuel efficient and reducing idle time.^{[7][broken citation]}

NS has also introduced an experimental battery-electric switcher locomotive, NS 999. This prototype locomotive was developed by Norfolk Southern, in collaboration with the United States Department of Energy, the Federal Railroad Administration and the Pennsylvania State University.^[8]

Spillage [edit]

On January 6, 2005, a NS derailment resulted in a large amount of chlorine and diesel fuel being released into nearby waterways in Graniteville, South Carolina. In addition, a toxic cloud covered the city resulting in the town being evacuated. Federal common carrier laws prevent railroads from refusing to transport chlorine and similar Toxic Inhalation Hazard (TIH) commodities. Local wildlife was killed, many of the local crops and vegetation were contaminated or killed, nine human deaths were reported, and thousands were injured.^[9] The company is being taken to court and being fined for violating the Clean Water Act and the Federal Superfund law. NS has spent a total of $26 million for the clean up.^[10]

Locomotives [edit]

NS's locomotives are often called "catfish" by railfans, as the stripes are said to look like catfish whiskers. The locomotive numbered 4610, a GM-EMD GP59, was painted in predecessor Southern colors of green and white with gold trim and was a favorite of railfans. The work was done at the Debutts Yard in Chattanooga, Tennessee during the summer of 1994 and the locomotive received a repaint in the summer of 2004. The locomotive was repainted standard NS black and white in February 2012.

The current paint scheme for NS locomotives is black and white. The locomotives feature a rearing horse on the nose, which is consistent with prior marketing campaigns where NS has billed itself as "The Thoroughbred." Most NS locomotives have flashing ditch lights.

In 2005, NS added two new types of locomotives to its roster: EMD SD70M-2s, which all are numbered 2649–2778, and GE ES40DCs, are numbered 7500-7719.

Historically, NS has only purchased DC traction Diesel locomotives. NS inherited a small number of AC traction locomotives (EMD SD80MACs) from CR. Currently, 10 of the 17 SD80MACs are assigned to the locomotive pool in South Fork, Pennsylvania. In September 2008 NS purchased its first-ever order of brand new AC traction locomotives: 24 GE ES44ACs, numbered 8000-8023. NS began receiving these units in October 2008. These new locomotives will be used for pusher service on long haul coal trains. In 2010, NS ordered 67 more ES44ACs and 25 more SD70ACes and in the fall of 2011, an order for 40 more SD70ACe's was placed.

• 

  NS #9903 GE C40-9W along with two other units head west from NS Elkhart Yard.

• 

  NS 39J lead unit NS #8372 GE C40-8W with 5 others are late leaving Kalamazoo due to weather and delays from Amtrak.

• 

  NS #3524 GE B32-8 at NS Hinman Yard.

• 

  NS #3067 GP40-2 with it new paint scheme sits in the snow at Botford Yard.

• 

  A NS GP38-2 in Dover, Delaware, with depot in background.

• 

  SOU 4610 working train GD01 in Dalton, Georgia, on January 19, 2006.

• 

  A NS GP38-2 running long hood forward through Ridgewood, New Jersey, on March 1, 2008.

• 

  A GP50 approaches a level crossing in Charlotte, North Carolina on June 22, 2005

• 

  A GE C40-9W leads a train on October 12, 2008

Heritage Fleet [edit]

According to Trains magazine newswire of February 16, 2012^[11] and Norfolk Southern's web site^[12] on March 1, 2012, ten SD70ACes and nine ES44ACs on order will be painted as special Heritage Units, each bearing the paint schemes and markings of Norfolk Southern's predecessor railroads. Norfolk Southern CEO Wick Moorman commented, "The heritage locomotives reflect the pride we take in our long and colorful history, as they travel through our system, these state-of-the-art units in vintage livery will serve as reminders to our customers, employees, and communities that the modern rail network that keeps America competitive today and into the future has deep roots in the nation’s past." On March 16, 2012 Norfolk Southern announced that Penn Central will be added to the Heritage Roster,^{[citation needed]} and recently announced^[when?] that the Monongahela Railway has been added to the list bringing the total of expected heritage units to 20.^{[citation needed]} As of July 4th, all Heritage GE ES44AC's and EMD SD70ACe's have been put into service.

The following former railroads are represented in the Heritage Fleet:

^{[13] [14]}

Reporting marks [edit]

Although it has been widely known as simply Norfolk Southern since 1982, the corporate structure and reporting marks are more complicated. In 1990, Southern Railway Company was renamed Norfolk Southern Railway Co. Its Norfolk and Western Railway company was merged into the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1997. In 1999, when most of Conrail's ex-Pennsylvania Railroad trackage was sold to the Norfolk Southern Railway, the Pennsylvania Railway Lines was created, and PRR reporting marks used on the former Conrail motive power and rolling stock.

Television commercials [edit]

On September 3, 2007, NS Launched new television ads featuring a family of gas cans cross country trekking to meet a NS train; it is a message on NS' role to reduced congestion on highways called "Lonely Gallon". It also features the song "You Don't Need Me" performed by Ravi Krishnaswami of New York and Steve Kolander of Atlanta. The song was created especially for NS. It was filmed in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.^[15]

Awards and recognition [edit]

As of May 2010, NS has been selected as the Group A Gold Harriman Award recipient for a record 21^[16] consecutive years beginning in 1989.

The Harriman Award is intended to recognize railroads with outstanding safety achievements. Group A comprises line-haul railroads whose employees worked 15 million employee-hours or more. Harriman winners are selected by a committee of representatives from the transportation field and are granted on the basis of the lowest casualty rates per 200,000 employee-hours worked with a formula that accounts for volume of work performed as well as the number of fatalities and occupational illnesses.^[16]

In the January 2011 issue of Railway Age, Norfolk Southern's chairman and CEO, Wick Moorman, was named Railroader of the Year.^[17]

See also [edit]

	Trains portal
	Railways portal
	Companies portal

• History of railroads in Michigan
• Southern Railway's Spencer Shops (now a museum in Salisbury, North Carolina)
• List of Norfolk Southern predecessor railroads
• Thoroughbred Shortline Program

Improvement projects [edit]

• Crescent Corridor - Louisiana to New Jersey
• Heartland Corridor - Midwest to Norfolk

Cultural references [edit]

• Pope Lick Monster
• John Henry (folklore)

Trade unions [edit]

• United Transportation Union
• Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen
• American Train Dispatchers Association
• Transportation Communications International Union

References [edit]

General references [edit]

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Norfolk Southern Railway

• Official Norfolk Southern company website, including a system map
• Norfolk Southern News
• Norfolk Southern Photo Archive
• Norfolk Southern Locomotives
• Yahoo! - Norfolk Southern Corporation Company Profile